Arabic+Mathematics+Heritage

= Mathematic Heritage =
 * [[image:abdulhamidmaths:PubliclibraryofHulwan,Baghd.gif width="350" height="434" caption=""During an exam, a person is either honored or disgraced.""]] || [[image:islamicAstrolabe.jpg width="317" height="484"]] ||
 * Wikipedia Notes: Muslim mathematicians during 12th & 13th century include
 * the development of [|algebra]
 * [|algorithms] (see [|Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī])
 * the invention of spherical trigonometry
 * the addition of the decimal point notation to the [|Arabic numerals]
 * the discovery of all the modern [|trigonometric functions] besides sine,
 * al-Kindi's introduction of cryptanalysis and frequency analysis
 * al-Karaji's introduction of algebraic (see his proof) [|calculus] and [|proof] by mathematical induction
 * the development of [|analytic geometry] and the earliest general formula for infinitesimal and [|integral] calculus by Ibn al-Haytham
 * the beginning of algebraic geometry by Omar Khayyam
 * the first refutations of [|Euclidean geometry] and the parallel postulate by Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī
 * the first attempt at a non-Euclidean geometry by Sadr al-Din
 * numerous other advances in algebra, [|arithmetic], calculus,
 * [|cryptography], [|geometry], [|number theory] and [|trigonometry]. || [[image:Al-Kitab_al-muntasar_fi-hisab_wa-l-muqabala.jpg]] ||
 * [[image:AbuBakrMath.jpg align="left"]]

Further development of algebra was by Abu Bakr al-Karaji in his treatise al-Fakhri, where he extends the methodology to incorporate integral powers and integral roots of unknown quantities.

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